What us Sensory Processing Disorder

Introduction

Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD) is a neurological condition that affects the way the brain receives, interprets, and responds to sensory input. Children with SPD may struggle to appropriately process information received through their senses—sight, sound, touch, taste, smell, movement (vestibular), and body position (proprioception). These challenges can influence how a child behaves, learns, and interacts with others.

Understanding SPD is essential for caregivers and educators who want to create supportive environments that recognize and respond to children’s unique sensory needs.

I. Overview of Sensory Processing Difficulties

What is Sensory Processing?

Sensory processing refers to how the nervous system detects, interprets, and organizes sensory information to produce appropriate motor and behavioral responses. This process is automatic for most people, but for individuals with SPD, sensory signals don’t get organized into appropriate responses.

Sensory Processing Disorder Defined

SPD occurs when sensory signals are either not detected or don’t get organized into appropriate responses. Children may appear clumsy, overly sensitive to sensory input, under-responsive, or have difficulty with coordination and attention.

SPD is not currently listed as a stand-alone diagnosis in the DSM-5, but it is recognized by many occupational therapists and educators as a distinct and impactful condition.

Core Sensory Systems Affected

  1. Tactile (touch)
  2. Auditory (hearing)
  3. Visual (sight)
  4. Olfactory (smell)
  5. Gustatory (taste)
  6. Vestibular (balance and movement)
  7. Proprioceptive (body awareness)

Disruptions in these systems can lead to behavioral, emotional, and functional difficulties across various settings, especially in early childhood environments.